Study on the influence of wide range pre-shear strain and pre-shear direction on the cyclic dynamic characteristics of sand using discrete element method

Key Points

• Cyclic dynamic characteristics vary significantly with different pre-shear strain levels, highlighting a critical dependency.
• Under specific pre-shear directions, the behavior of sand shifts, altering performance in applications like construction and earthquake engineering.
• Assessment using discrete element method simulations explores the response of granular materials to pre-shear conditions.
• These findings call for further exploration of how pre-shear influences the stability and integrity of sand in real-world applications.