Comprehensive review of electro–optical–piezoelectric CA15-3 biosensors: A New Era of saliva testing, point of care, hybrid readouts, and AI-assisted analysis

Key Points

• Saliva testing using biosensors offers innovative opportunities for point of care diagnostics, enhancing accessibility.
• Notable advancements in hybrid readouts integrate multiple signal types, increasing accuracy in cancer biomarker detection.
• Advancements in AI-assisted analysis empower faster and more reliable interpretation of biosensor data, optimizing patient care.
• Comprehensive review highlights the potential for transforming diagnostics with electro-optical and piezoelectric technologies in future health care.