Maternal and perinatal risk factors of hypospadias: A case–control study

Key Points

• Hypospadias is associated with specific maternal and perinatal risk factors, indicating potential prevention avenues.
• Key findings highlight an increase in hypospadias occurrences in infants exposed to certain maternal conditions or behaviors.
• Case-control design analyzed data from multiple sources to assess the correlation between hypospadias and risk factors.
• Identification of these risk factors may guide future maternal healthcare practices and awareness initiatives.