This mixed-methods study examines how injury surveillance operates as a reflexive mechanism shaping coaching and governance in Indonesian Hapkido. Using Giddens’ theory of institutional reflexivity, the study analyses four waves of national coach-reported injury data (2019–2025), involving 179 coaches and 3,442 athletes. Quantitative trends, such as a decline in injury prevalence and shifts in injury locations, are interpreted qualitatively to explore institutional responses. A surge in wrist injuries in 2023 prompted notable changes in coaching practices. A turning point occurred during the first national exhibition, which catalysed structured surveillance and revisions to safety protocols, accreditation, and internal reviews. Rather than treating surveillance as passive reporting, this study frames it as a dynamic process of institutional learning. By focusing on a non-Olympic martial art in Southeast Asia, the study contributes to conceptual discussions in martial arts studies, demonstrating how injury monitoring can inform technical reforms and support organisational development.
Arovah et al. (Sat,) studied this question.