Abstract Periodontal regeneration and the reconstruction of alveolar bone remain major challenges in dentistry. Guided bone regeneration and guided tissue regeneration use barrier membranes to create a protected space for bone and periodontal cells while blocking unwanted cell growth. These membranes include bioabsorbable materials such as collagen, gelatin and chitosan, as well as synthetic resorbable polymers like poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic‐ co ‐glycolic acid), polycaprolactone and poly(ethylene glycol). Nonresorbable options such as expanded and dense polytetrafluoroethylene and titanium‐reinforced meshes provide excellent structural support but often need removal and may cause complications. Inorganic materials including hydroxyapatite and calcium sulfate are also used to enhance bone conductivity and strength. Modern biomaterials now act as active delivery systems for growth factors, stem cells and genes that promote faster tissue repair. Cell‐free approaches using extracellular vesicles and exosomes are gaining attention for their regenerative potential and improved safety. New smart materials such as black phosphorene, borophene and other two‐dimensional nanostructures show antimicrobial, biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Future progress will rely on balancing biological function and mechanical stability while combining nanotechnology and cell‐free therapies to achieve personalized and long‐lasting periodontal regeneration. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Saleh et al. (Wed,) studied this question.