ABSTRACT Waterborne pathogens, such as Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), pose a serious problem for human health, particularly in developing countries where access to clean drinking water is limited. The conventional methods of disinfecting contaminated water have challenges, including limited effectiveness, high operational expenses and the formation of unwanted byproducts. To address these issues, advancement in technologies is desirable. Nanotechnology has emerged out as potential contender among various emerging technologies. Globally, chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) attracting interests of scientists due to their promising antimicrobial activities and distinguishing physico‐chemical properties. The review highlighted the recent advancements (2015–2025) in the development of CNPs to address the problems associated with E. coli present in contaminated water bodies. It also analyses the new opportunities of applying artificial intelligence (AI) to the optimization of systems based on the use of chitosan nanoparticle (CNP). Six thematic areas of focus are included: optimization of nanoparticle synthesis protocols; in silico modeling of bacterial removal efficiency; implementing intelligent sensing and monitoring systems; artificial intelligence in microscopic imaging/image interpretation; integrating data on a large scale alongside decision support frameworks; and environmental and lifecycle effects analysis. All these AI‐based advances will raise the efficiency, scalability, and sustainability of E. coli elimination in water via CNP.
Jain et al. (Sun,) studied this question.