ABSTRACT This study reports the development of a sustainable and reusable sulfonated solid acid catalyst derived from agro‐industrial waste, specifically bidi tobacco seed cake (BTSC), for microwave‐assisted esterification of linoleic acid to produce linoleic acid methyl esters (LAMEs). Process optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) achieved a maximum LAME yield of 98.1% under optimal conditions: methanol‐to‐linoleic acid molar ratio of 12.5:1, catalyst loading of 10 wt%, reaction time of 80 min, and temperature of 60°C. Physicochemical characterization revealed that the BTSC catalyst exhibits high acid density (9.25 mmol/g), a mesoporous structure (average pore size 2.322 nm, pore volume 0.08 cm 3 /g), a specific surface area of 26.325 m 2 /g, and thermal stability up to 261°C. FTIR and 1 H/ 13 C NMR analyses confirmed catalyst structure and LAME formation, whereas FE‐SEM demonstrated mesoporosity. The catalyst's easy recovery and reusability highlight its potential for sustainable esterification processes relevant to biodiesel, biolubricant, and fine chemical production. Practical applications : The findings of this study offer researchers a sustainable route for converting agro‐industrial waste into efficient solid acid catalysts for lipid‐based processes. The developed catalyst can be applied in the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters, polyol esters, and polyol‐based biolubricants, providing an environmentally benign alternative to conventional liquid acids. Its reusability and suitability for microwave‐assisted reactions enable reduced reaction times, lower energy consumption, and simplified product purification in laboratory and pilot‐scale applications. This approach supports research in biodiesel, biolubricants, and green chemistry by facilitating esterification and polyol synthesis using renewable feedstocks, while advancing waste valorization and circular economy‐driven catalyst development.
Joshi et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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