This study presents a comprehensive investigation of blood flow embedded with magnetic nanoparticles (〖Fe〗₂ O₃ and Fe₃ O₄) over an exponentially stretching surface, incorporating the effects of a tilted magnetic field, Joule heating, and thermal radiation. The exponential stretching model captures nonlinear vascular wall deformation and stent expansion, while the tilted magnetic field offers a more realistic representation of biomedical device orientations. A mathematical model governing the flow is formulated and transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations, which are solved numerically using the MATLAB bvp4c solver. Numerical simulations elucidate the influence of magnetic-field inclination, thermal radiation, and Joule heating on velocity and temperature distributions. Results reveal that thermal convection and radiation enhance flow velocity, whereas increased magnetic field strength and local porosity induce significant flow resistance due to enhanced drag forces. The study highlights the critical role of optimizing nanoparticle properties and external magnetic stimuli to regulate thermal behavior while minimizing hydrodynamic resistance. These findings contribute to improved heat transfer performance in microfluidic systems, advanced thermal management in electronic devices, and optimized biomedical applications such as magnetic hyperthermia and targeted drug delivery, where precise control of blood-flow dynamics is essential.
Prasad et al. (Sun,) studied this question.