The role of spermidine in plants and humans : a pathway from climate change adaptation to health benefits

Growing demands for healthier diets are driving agricultural and food scientists to develop climate-resilient crops and food systems that ensure nutritionally effective food. Beyond providing basic energy requirements, nutrients may actively influence human physiology and health. One such molecule, spermidine, a polyamine abundant in wheat and soybean, has attracted particular interest. From the aspect of human health, spermidine is mainly studied for healthy ageing properties and has been associated with cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-cancerogenic effects. On the other hand, being present in all plants, spermidine is essential for growth, development, and stress adaptation. Endogenously or when exogenously applied, spermidine can help plants adapt to harsh climate change conditions. Bringing together current knowledge on the significance of spermidine in both plants and humans, this review aims to trace its journey From Farm to Pharm, highlighting its importance for sustainable crop production, improved nutrition, and emerging pharmacological applications.