As electronics proliferate through the rise of the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), the need for sustainable, decentralized power source is growing. Energy harvesting-converting ambient sources such as vibration, heat, or electromagnetic waves into electricity-offers a promising solution for powering distributed, low-power, or wearable electronic systems. However, the practical deployment of most energy harvesters has been significantly limited by the processability issues associated with the inherent brittleness of conventional materials. In contrast, fiber-based energy harvesters offer superior flexibility and stretchability due to their intrinsic deformability and multidirectional bending capabilities, presenting a compelling alternative to conventional energy harvesters. This review systematically summarizes the fabrication processes and performance characteristics of fiber energy harvesters, categorizing them by the origin of the energy source-mechanical, optical, and thermal. In particular, various design considerations based on the working principles of fiber energy harvesters are retrospectively analyzed to provide guidelines for developing next-generation fiber energy harvesters. Additionally, current challenges and future research directions are discussed, highlighting the potential of fiber-based platforms to enable next-generation wearable electronics.
Jang et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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