What question did this study set out to answer?

To develop a practical synthesis strategy for IR 1048 and characterize its structure systematically.

March 14, 2026

Practical Synthesis Strategy for NIR-II Cyanine Fluorophores: Laboratory-Scale Development and Structural Characterization of IR 1048

Key Points

To develop a practical synthesis strategy for IR 1048 and characterize its structure systematically.
Developed a decagram-scale preparation method without chromatographic purification
Avoided harmful reagents in the synthesis process
Characterization conducted using HRMS and 1H NMR in a mixed deuterated solvent system
IR 1048 was synthesized in seven steps
Achieved an overall yield of 31.2%
Demonstrated excellent optical properties and biocompatibility

Abstract

As a representative NIR-II cyanine fluorescent dye, IR 1048 exhibits excellent optical properties and biocompatibility. However, its synthesis and structural characterization have not been systematically investigated until now. In this paper, a decagram-scale preparation method that avoids chromatographic purification and the use of harmful reagents was developed. IR 1048 was obtained in seven steps with an overall yield of 31.2%. Meanwhile, structural characterization was also accomplished by HRMS and 1H NMR using a mixed deuterated solvent system (CDCl3/CD3OD).

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