The field of vaccine development has shown remarkable progress, particularly after the global pandemic, which has driven the rapid advancement of self-replicating RNA (srRNA) vaccines, also termed self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines in some literature. There are several advantages and disadvantages associated with srRNA vaccines, and this review summarizes the challenges and opportunities related to their development. This review aims to summarize the latest progress in mRNA vaccine development, primarily focusing on self-replicating RNA vaccines, and to highlight their significance in combating infectious diseases, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also explores their potential for enhancing efficacy, enabling rapid responses against infectious threats, and reducing existing challenges, thereby benefitting the future landscape of preventive medicine. The review primarily focuses on the opportunities and challenges associated with srRNA vaccines and summarizes several reported cases on mRNA vaccines. We searched publicly available data on PubMed and Cochrane databases using specific keywords such as vaccine, srRNA vaccine, mRNA vaccine, DNA/RNA vaccine, and types of vaccines, aiming to include recent studies. We summarized the studies and discussed the recent advancements, challenges, and opportunities of self-replicating RNA vaccines. We found that srRNA vaccines have great potential to address future disease outbreaks. The success of srRNA products depends on several key elements, including the use of various natural vectors, the combination of vectors with appropriate formulations to meet the needs of each product, and avoiding a “one-size-fits-all” approach.
Pandey et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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