The electrocatalytic conversion of plant biomass into high‐value chemicals and fuels represents a pivotal pathway toward sustainable energy and chemical production. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the electrocatalytic valorization of key biomass components—aromatic compounds (e.g., lignin‐derived phenolics), aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., cellulose and hemicellulose derivatives), and terpenoids. By focusing on catalyst design, reaction mechanisms, and process optimization, we highlight how tailored electrocatalytic strategies—including oxidation and reduction pathways—enable selective transformation under mild conditions. Innovations in nanostructured catalysts (e.g., single‐atom catalysts, transition metal compounds) and reactor engineering (e.g., flow cells, membrane electrode assemblies) are discussed for their roles in enhancing efficiency, selectivity, and stability. Despite progress, challenges such as catalyst durability, product separation, and feedstock complexity impede scale‐up. Future efforts should therefore prioritize robust catalytic systems, mechanistic insights via in situ/theoretical studies, and intelligent process control. Consequently, the successful development of this field is poised to make electrocatalytic biomass conversion a cornerstone technology for achieving carbon‐neutral cycles and sustainable biorefining.
Zhao et al. (Sun,) studied this question.