Social network and functional status in the elderly: The mediating role of executive functions

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of executive functions, particularly working memory and inhibition, in the relationship between social networks and functional abilities in older adults. A total of 293 individuals aged 65 and older 65.9% female participated in the research. Functional abilities were assessed with the Groningen Activity Restriction Questionnaire, social network family/friends was measured using the Lubben Social Network Scale, while executive functions working memory/inhibition were evaluated with the Adult Executive Functioning Inventory ADEXI. The results showed that difficulties in basic activities of daily living were strongly associated with limitations in more complex instrumental activities, consistent with the hierarchical model of functional decline. Furthermore, larger and more diverse social networks, particularly friendships, were related to fewer functional limitations, supporting previous evidence of the protective role of social integration in aging. Mediation analyses revealed that working memory functioned as a key protective factor, mediating the link between social networks and functional independence. Inhibition, although relevant, exhibited weaker effects. These findings confirm the intertwined role of cognitive and social resources in maintaining autonomy and delaying functional decline in late life. They also highlight the importance of considering both social and neurocognitive dimensions in interventions targeting older adults. Programs that encourage the maintenance and expansion of social networks, together with training aimed at strengthening working memory and inhibitory control, may therefore contribute to more successful aging and extended independence. Overall, the study provides evidence that executive functions, particularly working memory, represent a crucial pathway through which social networks exert their protective effects on functional status in older adults.