Dust to Disease: Mechanisms and Manifestations of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis

Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) is a chronic occupational lung disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of coal mine dust. Although preventable, it remains a significant health concern among miners, with cases continuing to emerge in both developed and developing regions. The disease is marked by persistent inflammation, progressive pulmonary fibrosis, and declining respiratory function, often culminating in severe disability. Recent research has shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying CWP, including the roles of macrophage activation, oxidative stress, and dysregulated immune signaling. Clinically, diagnosis relies on radiographic imaging and lung function assessment, but early detection remains challenging. Preventive measures such as dust exposure control, workplace monitoring, and health surveillance programs are crucial, yet inconsistencies in implementation limit their effectiveness. This review consolidates current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and management of CWP, while highlighting the urgent need for improved preventive strategies, novel biomarkers for early diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches to reduce its global burden.