A Review on Nano Technology in Drug Delivery System

Nanotechnology has revolutionized pharmaceutical drug delivery by enabling precise manipulation of materials at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) to improve therapeutic outcomes. Conventional drug delivery systems often face challenges such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, rapid clearance, and non-specific distribution, which can lead to reduced efficacy and increased side effects. Nanotechnology addresses these limitations through advanced nanocarriers like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, and metallic nanoparticles. These carriers allow drugs to be encapsulated, protected from degradation, and delivered in a controlled and targeted manner to specific tissues or cells, such as tumors or the central nervous system. This targeted approach enhances pharmacokinetics, reduces systemic toxicity, and supports sustained drug release, minimizing dosing frequency. Applications of nanotechnology in pharmaceuticals include cancer therapy, neurological disorder treatment, and chronic disease management, where crossing biological barriers like the blood-brain barrier is critical. Furthermore, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers that react to pH, temperature, or enzymatic changes are paving the way for personalized medicine. Despite its promise, nanotechnology faces challenges related to toxicity, biocompatibility, regulatory approval, and large-scale manufacturing. Continued research and development are essential to overcome these hurdles and fully realize the potential of nanotechnology in creating safer, more effective, and patient-centric drug delivery systems.