ABSTRACT Near‐infrared (NIR)–addressable biohybrids that co‐deliver thermal, ionic, and gaseous cues can protect β‐cells. We report an HA hydrogel embedding chitosan (CS) nano‐structurally reprogramming MoS 2 /hemoglobin (HB) in which CS builds “protonic tracks”—a fixed‐charge (cationic) polyelectrolyte network that routes photocharges/protons away from MoS 2 active sites, lowers interfacial resistance, and multidentately anchors MoS 2 /HB to prevent aggregation and preserve HB function. Colloidal screening identifies MoS 2 :CS:HB = 1:1:3, minimizing size and stabilizing ζ‐potential. Under 808‐nm light, the composite reaches ∼39°C (vs. ∼37°C without CS), accelerates Prussian Blue bleaching, strengthens resazurin H 2 signals, and increases dissolved O 2 (∼7.5 vs. ∼5.3 mg L − 1 ), evidencing rail‐guided photocatalysis wherein photothermal elevation is tightly coupled to charge/proton transport and gas generation. In vivo, FITC‐labeled formulations accumulate in the pancreas. Treatment with MoS 2 /CS/HB@HA under NIR irradiation reduces blood glucose levels without inducing histological toxicity and promotes islet remodeling, as evidenced by enhanced EdU incorporation, upregulated insulin expression, an increased M2/M1 macrophage ratio, reduced ROS levels, and elevated HSP expression. Collectively, the proton‐conductive pathways provided by CS transform the hydrogel into an NIR‐responsive, interfacially stabilized bioreactor that integrates MoS 2 ‐mediated photoelectrothermal transduction with HB‐assisted oxygen handling. This compact, externally controllable platform demonstrates strong potential as an adjunctive strategy for diabetes management.
Chuang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.