Artificial intelligence in medicine: a scoping review of the risk of deskilling and loss of expertise among physicians

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly deployed in clinical practice, particularly in radiology, pathology, endoscopy, and decision support.While these tools improve efficiency and accuracy, concerns have arisen about deskilling-the erosion of physicians' expertise due to reliance on automation. Materials and methods:We conducted a narrative review of empirical studies, randomized trials, and theoretical analyses published up to August 2025.The focus was on quantitative evidence of decreased performance following AI exposure, automation bias, and structural changes in training environments.Sources included PubMed, Embase, and gray literature.Results: Evidence of clinical deskilling, though scarce, is consistent across specialties.In a multicenter randomized trial in colonoscopy, the adenoma detection rate (ADR) dropped significantly from 28.4% to 22.4% when endoscopists reverted to non-AI procedures after repeated AI use, while ADR remained stable with AI assistance (25.3%).In radiology, a controlled study of 27 breast imaging radiologists showed that erroneous AI prompts increased falsepositive recalls by up to 12%, even among experienced readers.In computational pathology, experimental webbased tasks revealed that over 30% of participants reversed correct initial diagnoses when exposed to incorrect AI suggestions under time constraints.Structural deskilling has been reported in cytology following the UK's transition to human papillomavirus primary screening, leading to an 80%-85% reduction in case volumes and consolidation of laboratories from 45 to 8 centers, with major implications for training capacity.Across domains, analyses confirm the presence of automation bias and highlight risks of diminished independent diagnostic reasoning.Conclusions: Although limited in number, empirical studies consistently demonstrate that AI can inadvertently impair physicians' performance or reduce opportunities for skill maintenance.Quantitative evidence of decreased diagnostic accuracy, error propagation, and training erosion underscores the need for longitudinal monitoring, adaptive curricula, and regulatory frameworks to mitigate deskilling.Safeguarding clinical expertise should be considered a central component of AI safety and resilience in medicine.