Summary: Mortality resulting from incompressible hemorrhage is the primary cause of pre-hospital deaths, highlighting the urgent need for the development of innovative hemostatic materials capable of effectively managing this type of bleeding. Inspired by the long-lasting foams constituted by transition metal ion-protein complexes, an injectable and stable liquid hemostatic foam has been developed, composed of gelatin/silk fibroin and hemostatic transition metal ions, Ca 2+ /Fe 2+ . The foam was rapidly obtained using a simple dual-syringe Tessari method. The dimensional changes of the foam were characterized, and its interaction with blood was observed under an optical microscope. The rheological properties of the foam were investigated using a rheometer. The hemostatic performance of the material was validated using rat liver laceration models, femoral artery bleeding models, and porcine femoral artery injury models. A liquid hemostatic foam was successfully prepared for rapid hemostasis and short-term protection of non compressible wounds. The prepared foam exhibits excellent stability and mechanical strength, meeting the requirements for addressing incompressible hemorrhage. While achieving rapid hemostasis, the foam can be easily removed from the wound without disrupting the clot or causing secondary bleeding, which aids in pre-hospital rescue and the expedited transportation of casualties. This manuscript aims to further advance rapid prehospital treatment for non-compressible hemorrhage, thereby minimizing mortality from such bleeding incidents as much as possible.
Xinran Yang (Sun,) studied this question.