Xenotransplantation and Human Organ Trafficking: The Impact of Increased Organ Availability

The global shortage of organs for allotransplantation contributes to illicit trade in human organs. While clinical xenotransplantation is proposed as a potential solution to this global shortage, diverse factors contribute to human organ trafficking including global shortages, underdeveloped and under supported organ procurement infrastructures and related legislation, inadequate access to advanced medical therapies or insurance coverage, and poverty and corruption allowing exploitation of vulnerable populations. This article assesses competing predictions regarding the relationship between the advent of xenotransplantation and the global black market for organs. Some argue that a plentiful supply of xenografts will reduce or eliminate the demand that drives organ trafficking. This analysis highlights significant countervailing risks regarding (i) cost, availability, and equitable access; (ii) perceived quality / desirability of an allograft versus a xenograft; and (iii) the emergence of new illicit markets. We conclude that the effect of xenotransplantation on organ trafficking is presently unpredictable but an important metric for success in this field.