A hybrid PEEC and transmission line model for stable and accurate transient electromagnetic coupling simulations based on mixed-potential scattering

• Proposes a novel hybrid algorithm based on hybrid potential scattering and a charge density based lightning channel model, which eliminates computational errors from electric field loop integrals by decomposing the incident field into incident scalar and vector potentials. • Establishes a potential scattering-based PEEC model that demonstrates superior numerical stability and accuracy in simulating induced lightning electromagnetic coupling compared to traditional models. • Integrates the potential scattering PEEC-MTL method with a modified Taylor model, creating a comprehensive simulation framework suitable for analyzing induced lightning overvoltages in tower-transmission line coupling structures. Lightning-induced overvoltages threaten modern distribution systems, demanding accurate electromagnetic coupling models for guiding protective design. Traditional methods, like the Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) method and Multi-Conductor Transmission Line (MTL) theory, face challenges when computing transient process in hybrid multi-scale systems, combining electrical equipment and long conductors. This paper proposes a novel hybrid PEEC-MTL framework based on mixed-potential scattering. By constructing a lightning channel model derived solely from charge density, it enables the efficient calculation of scalar and vector potentials. To eliminate errors arising from electric field loop integration, the incident field is innovatively decomposed into incident scalar and vector potentials for processing. A potential-scattered PEEC model, which offers superior numerical stability, is employed to replace the traditional model. Combined with a modified Taylor model, the hybrid PEEC-MTL model is ultimately developed for efficient calculation of induced lightning effects on tower and transmission line structures. Validation against rocket-triggered lightning test data confirms that the model effectively capturing transient coupling effects, with a peak overvoltage prediction error below 5%. Simulations conducted under varying stroke locations, current amplitudes, and grounding resistances show that the framework maintains a well-balanced performance in both accuracy and computational efficiency. Thus, the proposed method supports reliable transient analysis of large-scale distribution systems, thereby serving as an effective tool for robust lightning protection design.