To explore running forms which improve running economy, this study used OpenSim Moco to optimize running motions based on elite runner data, minimizing marker error and muscle excitation. The optimized motion reduced positive work by up to 43%, suggesting improved energy efficiency. However, joint excursions were limited, and no redistribution of muscle work was observed. These results indicate that applying fixed ground reaction forces may reduce physical realism in simulations.
OKAMOTO et al. (Wed,) studied this question.