This study proposes a framework for managing knowledge in innovative product development by integrating the VSTE model and the CART approach. The VSTE model structures project knowledge across four layers—Vision, Strategy, Tactics, and Execution—based on Polanyi’s theory of explicit integration. To address key challenges such as stakeholder complexity, uncertainty, resource constraints, and nonlinear phase transitions, the CART model introduces four methods: Collective Impact (CI), Agile Systems Engineering (ASE), Risk-Based Approach (RBA), and TRL/IML Vision ConOps Management (TVCM). A case analysis of the HondaJet project confirms strong alignment between CART principles and actual project practices, particularly in vision sharing and collaboration. These findings suggest the framework’s practical relevance.
Matsuhashi et al. (Wed,) studied this question.