What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to develop efficient epoxy-free magnetoelectric structures using macro-fibre composites.

March 29, 2026Open Access

Macro-fibre composite-based epoxy-free magnetoelectric structures fabricated from electroless and electrodeposition techniques

AKAmritesh KumarTechnical University of Darmstadt KSKonstantin SkokovTechnical University of Darmstadt OGOliver GutfleischTechnical University of Darmstadt

Key Points

This research aims to develop efficient epoxy-free magnetoelectric structures using macro-fibre composites.
Utilized electroless and electrodeposition techniques for fabrication.
Fabricated nickel layers on macro-fibre composite substrates.
Measured output properties under quasi-static conditions at low frequencies.
Achieved peak output magnetoelectric coefficient of 1 V/cm/Oe and self-biased coefficient of 0.62 V/cm/Oe.
Recorded enhanced quasi-static voltage of 5.9 V at a frequency of 50 Hz.
Identified complex relationships between static and AC magnetic fields affecting parameters such as peak ME response.

Abstract

We report on a novel Ni/macro-fibre composite (MFC) epoxy-free magnetoelectric (ME) structure fabricated by electroless and electrodeposition techniques. Substantially high self-biased coefficient, peak output ME coefficient, and peak ME voltage of 0.62 V/cm/Oe, 1 V/cm/Oe, and 5.9 V, respectively, were observed under quasi-static operating conditions at frequency as low as 50 Hz. Moreover, the deposition-based fabrication strategy employed herein mitigates the use of an epoxy interlayer, thus facilitating direct strain transfer across layers, reducing composite volume, and enhancing electrical output, all being cardinal for developing highly efficient ME structures. We reveal a counter-intuitive disparity, wherein the self-biased ME coefficient decreases, whereas the peak ME coefficient stays constant when the AC magnetic field increases from 3.1 Oe to 25 Oe, contrary to the conventional notion that the ME coefficient is unaffected by the AC magnetic field amplitude. Moreover, the bias field required for attaining the peak ME response is observed to increase with an increase in the applied AC magnetic field. These intricate correlations between static magnetic field, AC magnetic field, self-biased, and peak ME response highlight their coupled influence on ME behavior and comprehensively identify the combination of operating field parameters required to attain optimal output voltage for practical applications. Thus, this study harnesses the high piezoelectric property of MFC and deposition-based epoxy-free fabrication strategy to develop magnetoelectric structures with significantly high response. • Fabrication of deposition-based epoxy-free magnetoelectric (ME) composites. • Electroless and electrodeposition of nickel on non-conductive MFC substrate. • Maximum ME coefficient of 1 V/cm/Oe and self-biased ME coefficient of 0.62 V/cm/Oe. • Enhanced harvested quasi-static voltage of 5.9 V at low frequency of 50 Hz.

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