Stability-Indicating Rp-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Balcinrenone and Dapagliflozin Propanediol Monohydrate in Its Synthetic Mixture

Cardiovascular and renal disorders represent a major and interrelated global health burden, driven largely by hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Hypertensive heart disease arises from sustained pressure overload, resulting in myocardial hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, microvascular rarefaction, and progressive cardiac dysfunction. Coronary artery disease develops through complex interactions between endothelial injury, lipid deposition, inflammation, and plaque instability, leading to ischemic complications. Advances in cardiovascular medicine—including high-sensitivity biomarkers, multimodal imaging, contemporary pharmacotherapy, percutaneous and surgical revascularization, and emerging adjunctive therapies—have substantially improved early diagnosis and clinical outcomes. Chronic kidney disease, frequently secondary to diabetes and hypertension, is characterized by progressive nephron loss, persistent inflammation, and fibrosis. Diabetic kidney disease remains the leading cause of end-stage kidney failure worldwide. Recent therapeutic developments such as sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have demonstrated both renal and cardiovascular protective effects. Acute kidney injury, once considered reversible, is now recognized as a pivotal event that accelerates chronic kidney disease progression and increases long-term cardiovascular risk. This review provides an integrated overview of the pathophysiology, diagnostic advancements, and contemporary management strategies in hypertensive heart disease, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease, and acute kidney injury. Emphasis is placed on the shared mechanisms and bidirectional interactions between the heart and kidneys, underscoring the need for coordinated, multidisciplinary approaches to reduce morbidity and mortality.