Recent Advances in Targeted Drug Delivery for Brain Disorders

Due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which prevents therapeutic medicines from entering the central nervous system, treating brain illnesses effectively continues to be a significant issue. Molecular pharmacology has made overcoming this obstacle a top priority while preserving therapeutic specificity and reducing systemic toxicity. An inventive method for achieving site-specific medication transport with regulated release in the brain is provided by targeted drug delivery systems. New nanocarriers that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by receptor-mediated or adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and solid lipid nanoparticles, are being made possible by recent developments in nanotechnology. The ability to select and the binding effectiveness of these carriers toward neuronal and endothelial receptors are further improved by ligand-based techniques that use peptides, antibodies, and aptamers. Preclinical research on brain tumors, neurodegenerative disorders, and other CNS illnesses has shown encouraging outcomes using such systems. Precision medicine for brain therapies has advanced through the combination of nanotechnology, targeted ligands, and stimuli-responsive mechanisms. Regulator validation, large-scale manufacturing, and biocompatibility are translational issues that still need to be resolved. To convert these advancements into brain-specific treatments that are therapeutically feasible, more multidisciplinary research is required.