Mathematical and numerical models for Packed Bed Thermal Energy Storage (PBTES) systems are essential to predict the different parameters that influence their thermodynamic behavior and then optimize their performance and efficiency. In this research paper, an industrial-scale sensible thermocline Packed Bed Thermal Energy Storage system (9.17 m high and 4.72 m in diameter) was modeled and simulated during the heat charging process, based on FEM, CFD one-dimensional, and two-phase analysis. The model rigorously couples the Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium (LTNE) energy formulation with Darcy–Forchheimer hydrodynamics. The developed model was verified and validated using experimental data from the literature. The model was in close agreement with the experiment, with a global mean relative error of 3.62%. The two-dimensional velocity and temperature fields were presented to describe flow and temperature distributions in the hybrid medium (free and porous). The effect of varying flow rates (8–15 kg/s), porosities (0.35–0.55), and particle diameters (5–20 cm) on the thermal behavior of the heat storage system, temperature fields for solid and fluid, thermocline behavior, and charge efficiency were evaluated and presented. The simulation results demonstrate that the system achieves a high charge efficiency of 92.3% at a nominal charging rate of 15 kg/s. Increasing mass flow rate accelerates charging but widens the thermocline thickness and thermal stratification. Furthermore, increasing the porosity from 0.35 to 0.55 reduced charging time, decreased the temperature difference between the HTF and the storage medium by 10 °C, and increased the final heat charging efficiency by 8%. On the contrary, an increase in particle size from 5 to 20 cm leads to a slower rise in temperature within the solid phase, creating an important LTNE lag of ≈34 °C, thereby reducing the final heat charge efficiency by 16%, and prolonging the time required to charge the tank.
El-mahaouchi et al. (Mon,) studied this question.