Introduction: Syzygium aromaticum, or clove, is a medicinal plant that has long been used to treat pain, infections, and digestive issues. Recent studies highlight its wide range of pharmacological potential, which is primarily due to bioactive substances like tannins, flavonoids, rhamnetin, eugenol, and vanillin. Clove appears to be a promising option for incorporation into contemporary healthcare, given the increasing interest in plant-based remedies. Methods: Using data from databases like Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubChem, this review thoroughly examines the literature that has been published up until 2025. Studies that focused specifically on any plant part or derivative of Syzygium aromaticum and were available in full text in English were included. Relevance to the plant's phytochemical makeup, pharmacological activities, and toxicological profile served as the selection criteria. Results: Clove's wide range of pharmacological properties, such as its antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidepressant, antifungal, antiviral, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, antithrombotic, and reproductive effects, are thoroughly examined in this review. Detailed phytochemical profiling, a thorough toxicity overview, and results from metaanalyses are all included, with a focus on dose-dependent effects and safety thresholds. Discussion: The mechanisms underlying clove's pharmacological actions are explained in detail. A critical comparative analysis reveals significant variations in results and therapeutic potential across extract types (such as aqueous, ethanolic, and essential oil), dosages, and experimental models (in vitro vs. in vivo). Conclusion: In conclusion, clove has a lot of potential as a natural remedy. In order to make crossstudy comparisons simple, this review uniquely combines the most recent phytochemical data with a comprehensive tabular summary of pharmacological activities. In order to guarantee safe and successful integration into contemporary medical practice, it also gathers underreported toxicity data and identifies gaps in clinical evidence, highlighting the necessity of standardized research protocols and human trials.
Jain et al. (Thu,) studied this question.