This study investigates the flow behavior of gyroid scaffolds using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and three rheological models, Newtonian, Power-law, and Carreau, to assess the influence of pore size, inlet velocity, and scaffold size on wall shear stress (WSS) and permeability. The results show that non-Newtonian models yield substantially higher and broader WSS distributions than the Newtonian model, reflecting the importance of shear-dependent viscosity for physiologically realistic simulations. Larger pore size reduces the WSS and increases the permeability. Nevertheless, localized high-shear regions persist, particularly for the non-Newtonian fluids. Higher inlet velocities produce an increase in both WSS and permeability. However, this effect is lees remarkable for the Newtonian model. Comparisons between small and large scaffolds show lower wall shear stress levels in the larger geometry due to reduced local velocity gradients and a more evenly distributed flow field. Overall, rheological models influence the magnitude and heterogeneity of WSS. These findings highlight the need to incorporate non-Newtonian models when evaluating the scaffold performance in tissue engineering applications.
Espinoza et al. (Sun,) studied this question.