Oral vaccine technologies offer significant advantages in veterinary applications by having the potential to simultaneously induce local and systemic immune responses in the gastrointestinal mucosa, going beyond traditional injection methods. Their low cost within the food production chain, elimination of needle use, and ability to immunize large animal populations en masse confer particular benefits under field conditions. Antigens transported to the gut‐associated lymphoid tissue via M cells trigger secretory IgA and systemic IgG production, thereby reinforcing mucosal barrier integrity and promoting the formation of immunological memory. This review will examine the fundamental characteristics of oral vaccines used in veterinary medicine, their immune mechanisms, and the factors influencing these mechanisms. Oral and injectable vaccines will be compared to elucidate their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, strategies for the design and distribution of oral vaccines developed for animals and the challenges encountered throughout this process will be discussed. Finally, the current developments in this field will be reviewed.
Kırkan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.