Attentional and cultural factors in color–object associations : color typicality of fruits and vegetables among Japanese undergraduates

This study investigated typical color images of 45 fruits and vegetables among young Japanese people. A total of 116 participants selected a representative color from ten options. The results showed high agreement for approximately half of the items (e.g., banana = yellow, strawberry = red), whereas greater response diversity was observed for items such as raspberry, Chinese cabbage, and onion. This variability may reflect differences in attentional focus on specific parts of the items as well as cultural factors. The findings provide a foundation for constructing color-based stimuli and for future research on Stroop-like effects of semantic associations.