What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to create a bonding system that regulates inflammation during pulp repair using Dynasore.

April 3, 2026ACS Applied Bio Materials0 citations

Treatment of Caries-Induced Pulpal Injury Using a Dynasore-Loaded Bonding System via Regulation of C5a/C5aR Endocytosis

Key Points

The aim is to create a bonding system that regulates inflammation during pulp repair using Dynasore.
Developed a Dynasore-loaded bonding system (Dynasore@BTHM) using specific methacrylates.
Characterized material properties through FT-IR, XPS, EDS, DMA, and SEM.
Conducted in vitro tests to evaluate endocytosis inhibition and cytokine expression.
Performed in vivo experiments to assess anti-inflammatory effects and pulp tissue healing.
Dynasore@BTHM showed sustained-release characteristics and good mechanical strength.
Inhibited endocytosis of C5a/C5aR and reduced IL-6 expression in vitro.
Promoted pulp cell mineralization according to alizarin red staining.
Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and key inflammatory marker levels in vivo.

Abstract

The irreversible inflammation associated with cariogenic pulp injury presents a major challenge in clinical dentistry, as current pulp-capping materials are unable to precisely regulate the early activation of the complement system. To address this limitation, the present study successfully constructed a bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and 10-(methacryloyloxy)decyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP)-based adhesive mixture (BTHM) loaded with the endocytosis inhibitor Dynasore (Dynasore@BTHM). Material characterization (FT-IR, XPS, EDS, DMA, and SEM) confirmed that Dynasore is dispersed within the hydrophobic Bis-GMA/TEGDMA network. Based on these observations, we propose that hydrogen bonding with HEMA enables stable drug loading and may contribute to directional enrichment at the dentin-pulp interface, leading to controlled sustained release. Performance evaluation demonstrated that 2 wt % Dynasore@BTHM exhibits excellent sustained-release characteristics while maintaining favorable mechanical strength, marginal sealing, and biocompatibility. In vitro studies verified that this system inhibits dynamin-mediated endocytosis of C5a/C5aR, effectively down-regulating the expression of EEA-1, C5aR, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Alizarin red staining further indicated its ability to promote pulp cell mineralization. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that 2 wt % Dynasore@BTHM effectively alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration in pulp tissue and downregulated the expression of key inflammatory factors. Collectively, this study provides a strategy for developing pulp repair materials integrating adhesive function and immunomodulatory capability. By targeting the endocytic pathway, it enables precise and coordinated regulation of the inflammation-regeneration process, thereby exhibiting broad application prospects in the early treatment of cariogenic pulp injury.

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