Vietnam’s Effective Enforcement of Handing over of a Child in International Parental Child Abduction Cases : Acceding to the 1980 Hague Convention (2)

2) The compulsory execution measures (3)The conditions to ensure the effective enforcement V. Conclusion (End of (2)) III. Japan's Experience with Enforcing the Return OrderAn investigational study of Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) in 2012 said that foreign governments reported more than 200 international parental child abduction (IPCA) cases to Japan. 1As a result, Western governments and media criticized Japan for lacking a mechanism to return abducted children. 2 Consequently, Japan ratified the Convention and enacted the Implementation Act in 2014. 3 To give effect to the Convention, Japan has gradually improved its legal system, especially the regulations on compulsory execution measures by amending the Implementation Act in 2019. The Implementation ActThe Implementation Act took effect on April 1, 2014. 4 It provides for the handling of IPCA cases and establishes the competence of relevant authorities and persons.Principally, it focuses on the procedures for a child's return.The Act is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to several domestic legal documents, such as Civil Execution Act, Domestic Relations Case Procedure Act, and Civil Procedure Code.Though Japan has succeeded in handling IPCA cases with prominent amicable results, the execution of return orders have encountered difficulties with noncompliance and unenforceable cases.(1) Overview of the child's return procedure Under Articles 3 and 4 of this Act, the left-behind parent (LBP) seeking the child's return will file a petition to the MoFA, designated as Center Authority of Japan (JCA).Once the JCA decides to assist in a return case, they attempt to locate the child, contact the taking-parent (TP), and facilitate communication between the parents.JCA can request governmental and private organizations, such as schools, hospitals, telecommunications carriers, and utility providers, to provide the child's location 1 Masayuki Tanamura, "International Child Abduction Cases and the Act for the Implementation of the Hague Convention,"