What question did this study set out to answer?

To highlight the role of missed HIV screening in the progression of opportunistic infections.

April 5, 2026Open Access

Multiple Opportunistic Infections as the Initial Presentation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in an Ecuadorian Immigrant

Key Points

To highlight the role of missed HIV screening in the progression of opportunistic infections.
Case report of a 27-year-old Ecuadorian man
Evaluated symptoms and medical history
Identified opportunistic infections present upon admission
Patient presented with advanced AIDS symptoms
Opportunistic infections included disseminated histoplasmosis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, and JC virus
Missed opportunities for HIV testing noted despite previous healthcare interactions.

Abstract

Advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) continues to occur in those with social, educational, and cultural barriers to accessing healthcare. A 27-year-old Ecuadorian man presented with vomiting, epigastric pain, fever, weakness, and weight loss. He had advanced AIDS, with opportunistic infections including disseminated histoplasmosis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, and JC virus brain infection. Despite prior repeated contact with local, US-based healthcare, sexual history and HIV screening were never performed. Missed opportunities to identify HIV infection led to potentially preventable opportunistic infections, despite our current era of widely available, effective antiretroviral therapy.

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