The management of esotropia differs fundamentally from that of exotropia. Humans possess strong innate fusional convergence, allowing even large exodeviations to remain intermittent with preserved high-grade stereopsis. In contrast, natural divergence is limited; therefore, moderate-to-large esodeviations typically present as constant tropias with reduced or absent binocular fusion. This study reviews the evaluation and treatment of common forms of esotropia, emphasizing the distinct sensory and motor physiology underlying these deviations. Topics include diagnostic strategies, optical interventions, and timing and selection of surgical procedures, including outcome considerations across infantile, accommodative, partially accommodative, and non-accommodative esotropia.
Kenneth W. Wright (Thu,) studied this question.