ARC model: space = passive 3‑ring substrate; activation = energy condensation + time + interactor; charge = projection Q=(e/3)(x+y+z); mass = flatness area m=σAm=σA; decay rate ∝ area change; gravity = finite disk source. Passes key reality checks; predicts T∝mT∝m and short‑range gravity deviations.
Mkrtich Asatryan (Mon,) studied this question.