What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to develop a flexible cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries that maintains high performance and durability under bending stress.

April 8, 2026

3D Printed Free‐Standing Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 Cathode With Grid Structure for Highly Bendable Aqueous Zinc Ion Battery

Key Points

The aim is to develop a flexible cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries that maintains high performance and durability under bending stress.
Designed a 3D printed free-standing Na3V2(PO4)2F3 cathode with a grid structure.
Evaluated discharge capacity, working potential, and cycling performance under different bending conditions.
Measured performance metrics such as capacity loss during cycling and stability at fixed bending angles.
Achieved a discharge capacity of 91.2 mAh g−1 at 1.6 V under 0.1 A g−1.
Showed a capacity cycle loss of only 0.029% over 500 cycles at 0.5 A g−1.
Realized a higher electrode capacity of 29.8 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 without a current collector.
Maintained stable electrochemical performance after 100 cycles of bending at angles of 30°, 90°, and 180°.

Abstract

ABSTRACT Flexible aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) have gained significant attention as an ideal choice for flexible batteries with eco‐friendliness, portability, and high safety. 3D printing significantly improves the porosity and ion diffusion efficiency of the electrode through precise microstructure control, while reducing the weight of the electrode. Herein, a 3D printed free‐standing Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 (3DP‐NVPF) cathode with a grid structure is designed. The flexible self‐supporting cathode delivers a discharge capacity of 91.2 mAh g −1 with a high working potential of 1.6 V at 0.1 A g −1 , along with good cycling performance (capacity cycle loss is only 0.029% at 0.5 A g −1 during 500 cycles) and rate capability. Furthermore, the freestanding cathode, by eliminating the current collector, implies a higher capacity of the whole electrode (29.8 mAh g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 ), compared to most reported phosphate electrodes. Particularly, the highly bendable pouch battery can work well at various fixed bending angles (30°, 90°, 180°) conditions ascribed to the bending‐tolerant cathode and shows quite stable electrochemical performance during 100 times bending, which demonstrates its potential application in flexible and wearable electronics.

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Cite This Study

Fan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69d5f0ee74eaea4b11a7a70d https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202502607

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