Redefining liminal space through traditional communal typologies: Threshold urbanism and the social–spatial role of Takyeh in Isfahan

Rapid urbanization has intensified the neglect of liminal urban spaces (sidewalks, alleys, and transitional corridors), despite their active everyday use and socio-spatial potential. This study addresses the lack of a clear neighborhood-scale definition of liminal space through an abductive-exploratory research approach. Content analysis of 51 academic sources identified 32 criteria that distinguish liminal spaces from other public space types. These criteria were operationalized as spatial–behavioral agents within an agent-based model integrated with GIS, enabling spatial visualization and temporal comparison. The model was applied to the case of Sichan Takyeh in Isfahan, Iran, across three scenarios: ordinary days, Muharram daytime, and nighttime. Findings reveal significant temporal shifts in accessibility, land use, symbolic meaning, density, and social activity, transforming the space from an everyday passage and parking area into a sacred communal setting. The study proposes a clarified definition, a measurable framework, and a mixed ABM–GIS approach to support flexible and inclusive placemaking.