Carcinogenicity in the 21st Century: Data Interpretation—Session 4

The 2025 joint British Society of Toxicologic Pathology (BSTP) and European Society of Toxicologic Pathology (ESTP) Congress included a session on data interpretation, which can be complex and is a critical aspect of carcinogenicity studies. In addition to statistical analysis, consistency in nomenclature, high-quality peer review, the appropriate use of historical control data, knowledge on compound- and target-related information, and literature can contribute to high-quality data, optimal interpretation of biological relevance, and safety assessment. The speakers covered several of these aspects which are critical in data interpretation of carcinogenicity studies. Based on experience and case examples, recommendations for updating International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND) terminology for some proliferative findings in exocrine pancreas, liver, and ovaries were presented, including a case example of human relevance and risk assessment of endocrine and reproductive system tumors.