FedNIC addresses this bottleneck by leveraging SmartNICs as dedicated hardware accelerators for 32 encryption and decryption, freeing host CPU cycles for the learning task itself. Furthermore, by isolating 33 the encryption engine on a separate security domain, FedNIC strengthens the overall threat model: even if 34 the host is compromised, the encryption keys and methods remain protected on the SmartNIC. Experimental
Xiaoguang Wang (Wed,) studied this question.