Purpose This study aims to explore how cohousing initiatives in Spain and China respond to housing shortages, aging populations, and sustainability challenges. By comparing Morvedre Cohabitatge and the 21st Neighborhood Housing Cooperative, the research investigates how institutional, cultural, and policy contexts shape the development and sustainability of cohousing. It seeks to understand the enablers and barriers to these models and how residents experience collective living, contributing to broader discussions on social innovation, participatory governance, and urban resilience. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a qualitative, comparative case study methodology. It analyzes two cohousing projects – one in Spain and one in China – through semi-structured interviews with residents and project leaders, complemented by documentary research and literature review. Thematic analysis, grounded in theory, was conducted in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The analysis focused on governance, resident profiles, institutional barriers, sustainability, and cultural dimensions. Atlas.ti software supported the coding process, ensuring systematic data management and interpretation. Findings Both cohousing projects promote participatory governance, sustainability, and social cohesion, but differ in structure and motivation. The Spanish case emphasizes ecological design and proactive aging, while the Chinese project addresses infrastructural needs with smart technologies. Legal ambiguity and lack of policy support are major barriers in both contexts. Despite these challenges, both models foster strong community bonds, mutual care, and resilience. The study highlights the importance of aligning governance models with cultural norms and institutional frameworks to ensure project sustainability and scalability. Originality/value This research offers a rare cross-cultural comparison of cohousing in Europe and Asia, highlighting how different socio-political environments influence collaborative housing. It contributes to the literature on social innovation, aging, and urban sustainability by showing how cohousing can be both a lifestyle choice and a necessity-driven solution. The study provides practical insights for policymakers and urban planners seeking to replicate or adapt cohousing models, emphasizing the need for legal frameworks, cultural sensitivity, and institutional support to foster inclusive and resilient communities.
Fagang et al. (Fri,) studied this question.