AbstractObjective To examine the incidence, clinical presentation, and prognosis of infectious encephalitis among adults in Denmark. Methods Prospective, population-based cohort study using the Danish Study group for Infections of the Brain database to identify all Danish residents ≥18 years of age hospitalised with infectious encephalitis from 2015-2023. Cases were defined in alignment with the International Encephalitis Consortium-criteria. Multivariable modified Poisson regression was used to compute adjusted relative risks (adj. RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for intensive care unit admission and 6-month mortality. Continuous variables were modelled using restricted cubic splines. Multicollinearity between variables was not found. Results : A total of 495 patients were included yielding an annual mean incidence of 1.18/100,000 (95% CI 1.01–1.35). The median age was 70 years (IQR 54-78) and 240/495 (48%) were female. The aetiology comprised Varicella zoster virus (VZV) in 156/495 (32%), Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in 154/495 (31%), Tick-borne encephalitis in 23/495 (5%), other viruses in 40/495 (8%), and remained unknown in 121/495 (24%). Common symptoms at admission included confusion 391/488 (80%), headache 234/397 (59%), and personality changes 183/439 (42%). ICU admission occurred in 111/495 (22%) and was associated with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Conclusion Infectious encephalitis remains rare with HSV-1 and VZV as common causes. The clinical presentation is unspecific, and the diagnosis remains challenging. Poor outcome is frequent throughout a prolonged follow-up, especially in those with immuno-compromising conditions HSV-1 encephalitis, or a low GCS at admission.
Duerlund et al. (Wed,) studied this question.