The Biological Role of Chromium as a Trace Element in Metabolic Syndrome

This article examines the role of chromium in the body, as chromium cations Cr3+ are part of enzymes that control glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol levels. Chromium is able to regulate blood glucose levels and facilitates the interaction of tissue receptors with the hormone, thereby reducing the need for it. It acts as a cofactor in the process of triggering the action of insulin at the level of intracellular receptors in peripheral tissues. The biologically active form of chromium is presumably a complex of Cr3+ with nicotinic acid, similar to the glucose tolerance factor found in brewer’s yeast. Deficiency of chromium Cr3+ ions in the body leads to impaired pancreatic function, the main feature of which is insulin resistance (decreased glucose tolerance) and impaired carbohydrate metabolism. It also contributes to impaired lipid metabolism, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of blood vessels, an increased risk of atherosclerosis, as well as the manifestation of peripheral neuropathy. The metabolic pathways and toxicity of chromium depend on the degree of oxidation. The main sources of chromium in food are meat, whole grains, green beans, and broccoli. In conclusion, a method for correcting chromium deficiency in the body is proposed.