• Cryo-EM structure of borrelial HtrA hexamer exhibits an asymmetric dimer of trimers. • Linker flexibility mediates hinge movements that give rise to the asymmetry. • Each of the hexamer active sites binds a peptide of unknown sequence. • Crystallography reveals the detailed interactions that promote oligomerization. • Well- or malformed oxyanion hole offers a means of regulating enzyme activity. The chaperone/protease HtrA from the Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi (BbHtrA) functions in the maturation of the periplasmic protein BB0323 involved in pathogen infectivity and in the degradation of several other key host and spirochete proteins. Hence, BbHtrA is considered an anti-borrelial drug target candidate. BbHtrA contains a N-terminal serine protease domain followed by two PDZ domains (PDZ1-2). Here, we report a 3.4 Å resolution single particle cryo-EM reconstruction of hexameric BbHtrA whose active site serine was replaced by an alanine, and the 2.0 Å and 1.5 Å resolution crystal structures of the recombinant protease catalytic domain and PDZ1-2 fragment, respectively. The BbHtrA cryo-EM structure forms an asymmetric dimer of trimers unlike the symmetric oligomers of other HtrA family members. The different conformations of the six linkers between the protease domains and their respective PDZ1-2 break the symmetry, nevertheless, pairs of PDZ2 domains mediate trimer-trimer interactions through identical interfaces unique to BbHtrA. Features associated with the cryo-EM electron potential map at each protease active site were modeled as a nine-residue peptide of unknown sequence, which could originate from the expression host organism. The crystal structures recapitulate at higher resolution trimer interactions via the catalytic domains and trimer-trimer association via PDZ2-PDZ2 interactions. The serine protease oxyanion hole that stabilizes the substrate transition state is malformed in the crystal structure and fully formed in the peptide-bound BbHtrA cryo-EM structure, suggesting a regulatory mechanism intended to avoid undesired cleavage.
Shakya et al. (Wed,) studied this question.