EWC provided transient control of C. arvense, and integration with clopyralid improved control, supporting its role in integrated weed management. Because C. arvense is a perennial species, multiyear studies are needed to determine the long-term effectiveness of EWC. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Baccin et al. (Sat,) studied this question.