In recent years, lead halide–based perovskite solar cells have garnered significant industrial interest due to their superior conversion efficiency, ease of manufacturing, low cost, and lightweight characteristics. However, toxicity and environmental hazards associated with lead have limited its application in commercial production. In this study, tin halide perovskite (CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 ) is explored as an alternative to lead halides due to its nontoxic and stable behavior. Additionally, Cu 2 O was used as the hole transport layer (HTL) and sulfur‐doped tin oxide (STO) was used as the electron transport layer (ETL) to ensure superior performance of the designed solar cell. The proposed structure, FTO/STO/CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 /Cu 2 O/Au, was systematically optimized to achieve maximum V oc , J sc , FF, and PCE by varying the thickness and doping concentrations of each layer to achieve maximum PCE. Simulation results revealed that optimal thicknesses of 0.9 μm for the absorber, 0.04 μm for the HTL, 0.21 μm for the ETL, and 0.05 μm for the FTO significantly enhanced performance, yielding a PCE of 30.16% through balanced light absorption, efficient charge transport, and minimal recombination losses. Further optimization of doping concentrations—10 19 cm −3 (absorber), 2 × 10 15 cm −3 (HTL), 2 × 10 15 cm −3 (ETL), and 10 15 cm −3 (FTO)—led to a peak PCE of 36.42%, driven by improved charge separation and reduced recombination. Defect analysis highlighted the critical impact of defect density in the absorber and at the ETL/absorber interface. Maintaining defect densities below N t ≤ 10 14 cm −3 and interface defect density N int ≤ 10 14 cm −3 is essential to preserving high V oc , J sc , FF, and long‐term stability. The performance was also sensitive to resistive and thermal effects, with optimal conditions observed at R sh ≥ 10 4 Ω·cm 2 and lower operating temperatures. The optimized CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 ‐based PSC achieved a PCE of 36.42%, high external quantum efficiency of ∼99.3% at 360 nm, strong carrier generation, and suppressed recombination, validating the potential of tin‐based perovskites.
Aslam et al. (Thu,) studied this question.