Childhood emotional abuse and neglect are established risk factors for poor mental health and socially oriented internal processes in adulthood. However, the developmental timing at which these experiences are most strongly associated with adult outcomes remains unclear. To investigate whether timing of childhood emotional maltreatment (antipathy, psychological abuse, emotional neglect) is associated with adult socially oriented internal processes (loneliness, social anxiety, social desirability bias) and psychological vulnerability (defeat, entrapment, suicidal ideation). A total of 586 adults completed an anonymous online survey assessing childhood antipathy, psychological abuse, and emotional neglect, in relation to adult loneliness, social anxiety, defeat, internal entrapment, and suicidal ideation. Outcomes were examined within the Integrated Motivational Volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Participants were grouped as no childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM), early CEM (≤6 years), or late CEM (7-11 years). Analyses included bivariate correlations, multinomial logistic regression, and moderation analysis. In pairwise comparisons, antipathy and psychological abuse demonstrated significant differences across all timing groups. Those with early CEM reported higher levels of antipathy than those with no CEM (OR = 1.20 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.30) and those exposed to late CEM (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87 to 0.98). Early exposure was also associated with greater internal entrapment compared with later exposure (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93 to 0.99). Unexpectedly, individuals with no history of CEM reported higher levels of defeat than those exposed in early (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91 to 0.98) and late childhood (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92 to 0.99). Suicidal ideation did not differ between groups. The findings suggest that early childhood emotional maltreatment may be particularly associated with internal psychological vulnerability, such as entrapment, while other outcomes (e.g., defeat) show more complex and non-linear patterns. These results highlight the importance of considering developmental timing alongside alternative explanatory mechanisms and support the need for longitudinal research to clarify causal pathways and evidence suggesting childhood maltreatment may be associated with dysregulated cortisol across the life course.
Ngoy et al. (Wed,) studied this question.