Synergistic Identification of Rockburst Precursors Integrating Tensile Shear Fracture Evolution and Critical Slowing Down

To investigate the crack evolution mechanisms and early-warning precursors of excavation-induced rockbursts, unloading rockburst simulation tests were conducted on granite using a true triaxial testing machine. Analysis of tensile and shear crack development shows that tensile cracking dominates the early stage, with the proportion of tensile cracks exceeding 50% (Ntr > 50%), whereas shear failure becomes predominant near final rupture, with the proportion of shear cracks exceeding 50% (Nsr > 50%). Based on this, the tensile–shear ratio (TSR) is proposed to quantify the dynamic evolution of both crack types. In the present tests, a sustained TSR below 1 was observed during the transition from tensile- to shear-dominated failure, suggesting that it may be a potential precursor to imminent rockburst under the current experimental conditions. According to critical slowing down (CSD) theory, both the autocorrelation coefficient and variance of acoustic emission (AE) parameters increase significantly prior to failure. In contrast, TSR shows earlier identifiable changes and is therefore more suitable for early-stage warning, whereas CSD indicators provide clearer signals as the system approaches failure. Additionally, granite exhibits a rapidly fluctuating decline in the AE b-value prior to failure, and the precursor points identified by TSR and CSD consistently fall within the b-value decreasing interval before peak stress. These results suggest that integrating TSR and CSD indicators may be useful for staged AE-based rockburst monitoring and early warning in deep underground engineering.