Version 2: Corrected a reference notation in Section 1. 4 and Table 1. The citation "Proposition 14" has been corrected to "Definition Section 9" in Hideppa (2026a). Abstract The term “hallucination” originates in human cognition and expression. The fact that this term is applied to AI outputs indicates that AI outputs are already being understood within a human interpretive framework. This is not an assumption introduced by this paper; it is a condition that precedes it. However, this understanding is not symmetric. While humans also generate outputs that diverge from their reference points, only AI outputs are problematized as a distinct kind of problem termed “hallucination. ” This paper asks: what structural conditions give rise to this asymmetry? This paper decomposes the phenomenon into three analytically distinct components: (1) the relation between an output (Tₛ) and its reference point, (2) the structural independence of internal judgment formation (Rf) within the output-generating subject from external determination, and (3) the prior internalization of social convergence (Tₒ) on the side of the evaluator. By examining each component in isolation, the paper shows that (1) and (2) do not vary with the type of generating agent. The asymmetry therefore cannot be located at the level of output accuracy or generative process. Instead, it arises at the level of evaluation, where pre-existing convergence structures shape how outputs are interpreted and judged. On this basis, the paper identifies a structural mislocation in current discussions: the tendency to locate the problem of hallucination in the properties of outputs or their generation, rather than in the evaluative structures that render such outputs problematic. The analysis provides a structural account of why improvements in output accuracy alone do not eliminate the perception of hallucination as a problem. Japanese title: 摩擦の真理学: ハルシネーションの構造的再定位なぜAIのハルシネーションが特異的に問題化されるのか 要旨 「ハルシネーション」は人間の認知・表現に由来する語であり、この語がAIの出力に適用されているという事実は、AIの出力がすでに人間的理解枠組みにおいて把握されていることを示している。しかしこの把握は対称ではない。人間もまた照合基準点と乖離した外化出力 (Tₛ) を生成しうるという点では同条件であるにもかかわらず、AIのTₛのみが「ハルシネーション」として特異的に問題化される。本稿はこの非対称性がいかなる構造的条件のもとで成立するのかを問う。 本稿はこの現象を三要素に分解する。①Tₛの照合基準点との乖離、②アウトプット主体内部におけるRf成立の構造的独立性、③受け手における評価構造である。論証の結果、①および②は主体種別によって変化せず、非対称性は③、すなわち評価の層において成立することが示される。 本稿は、ハルシネーション問題を出力や生成過程の側に定位するのではなく、それを問題として立ち上げる評価構造の側へ再定位する。これにより、出力精度の改善だけでは問題化が消失しない構造的理由を記述する。
Hideppa (Mon,) studied this question.