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April 22, 2026Open Access

Patterns and Predictors of Upper Limb and Neck Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Practicing Optometrists in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Key Points

This research examines the prevalence and predictors of upper quadrant work-related musculoskeletal disorders among optometrists in Jordan.
Conducted a cross-sectional survey with 138 registered optometrists in Jordan.
Utilized standardized questionnaires for data collection including NMQ, DASS, PSQI, and IPAQ.
Employed descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis to identify predictors of WMSDs.
73.9% reported shoulder pain, 70.3% neck pain, and 62.3% upper back pain within the last 12 months.
Marital status strongly linked to neck pain (OR ≈ 7.1).
Identified factors include poor ergonomics, writing/typing at work, poor sleep quality, and psychological stress.

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the prevalence and predictors of upper quadrant work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among practicing optometrists in Jordan and to highlight potential occupational health implications. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was distributed to registered optometrists working in public and private health sectors in Jordan. A total of 138 optometrists (n=138) participated in the study. Standardized instruments were used, including the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Sociodemographic characteristics, work practices, and ergonomic factors were also collected. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints, while logistic regression analysis identified predictors of WMSDs across upper quadrant body regions. Results: The 12-month prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was highest in the shoulders (73.9%), neck (70.3%), and upper back (62.3%), followed by wrists and hands (24.6%), while elbows had the lowest prevalence (15.2%). Several factors were significantly associated with increased WMSDs (p < 0.05). Notably, marital status showed a strong association with neck pain (OR ≈ 7.1), while other predictors included writing and typing during work, poor ergonomics during vision testing, cigarette smoking, poor sleep quality, and psychological stress. Conclusion: Upper quadrant WMSDs are highly prevalent among practicing optometrists in Jordan and may negatively affect occupational well-being and work performance. These findings highlight the need for targeted ergonomic interventions, improved clinical workstation design, and occupational health programs to reduce musculoskeletal strain and support healthier workplace practices among eye care professionals. Keywords: work-related musculoskeletal disorders, optometrists, ergonomics, occupational health, Jordan

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